also known as “Onychomycosis”, “dermatophytic onychomycosis,” “ringworm of the nail,” and “tinea unguium” – means fungal infection of the nail.
Toenail fungus types:

Distal subungual onychomycosis is the most common form of tinea unguium, and is usually caused by Trichophyton rubrum.
White superficial onychomycosis is caused by fungal invasion of the superficial layers of the nail.
Proximal subungual onychomycosis
Candidal onychomycosis

Toenail fungus symptoms:
The nail plate can have a thickened, yellow, or cloudy appearance. The nails can become rough and crumbly, or can separate from the nail bed.

The nail plate is thick with a cloudy appearance (opaque), the nail bed underneath the nail thickens and hardens (nail bed hyperkeratosis), and the nail separates from the bed underneath (onycholysis). The nail can be discolored and appear in a range from white to brown. The edge of the nail becomes severely eroded.
Small white speckled or powdery-looking patches appear on the surface of the nail plate. The nail becomes rough and crumbles easily.
Candidal infection can occur in the toenails and the fingernails. The nail fold becomes inflamed (erythematous), or the nail plate separates from its bed (onycholysis).

Causes
Causes …

Fungal and yeast infections

Dermatophytosis
Signs and Symptoms
Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) is the most common fungal infection in humans – Affected skin is usually pruritic, with scaling plaques on the soles, extending to the lateral aspects of the feet and interdigital spaces.
Tinea cruris (jock itch) – occurs in the groin and on the upper, inner thighs and buttocks as scaling annular plaques (is more common in men and typically spares the scrotum).

Treatment
For most patients, topical treatment with terbinafine, clotrimazole, or econazole cream is adequate when applied twice daily for 6 to 8 weeks.
Onychomycosis, tinea capitis, and extensive dermatophyte disease, systemic treatment is often necessary: itraconazole or terbinafine for nail disease, and griseofulvin or fluconazole for scalp or extensive dermatophyte disease.

Candidiasis
refers to a diverse group of infections caused by Candida albicans or by other members of the genus Candida.
Signs and Symptoms
Candidal intertrigo is a specific infection of the skin folds (axillae, groin), characterized by reddened plaques, often with satellite pustules.
Thrush is characterized by white nonadherent plaques on the tongue and buccal mucosa.
Paronychia is an acute or chronic infection of the nail …

Fungal infections is a condition in which fungi pass the resistance barriers of the human or animal body and establish infections.
Fungal infections (Mycoses) can result when the climate is hot and humid, and when people live in crowded conditions. Some fungi reproduce through tiny spores in the air. People inhale those spores or they land on the skin. Therefore, fungal infections often start in the lungs or on the skin.
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Amphotericin B
is a polyene antifungal drug, often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections.
Oral preparations of amphotericin B are used to treat thrush; these are virtually nontoxic, in contrast to typical intravenous therapy doses.
One of the main intravenous uses is in treating various systemic fungal infections (e.g. in critically ill, comorbidly infected or immunocompromised patients), including cryptococcal meningitis.
Amphotericin B is also commonly used in tissue culture to prevent fungi from contaminating cell cultures. It is usually sold in a concentrated solution, either on its own or in combination with the antibiotics penicillin and streptomycin.
Amphotericin B is mostly used in oral thrush treatments. It is also indicated for the treatment of any of the following disorders:

Mouth ulcers infected by fungus
Sores that are caused by one or more false teeth
Candidosis (infections of the intestines caused by candida)
Reduction of the amount of candida albicans that naturally present in the skin, vagina or gut

Other Names :
Fungilin, Fungizone, Abelcet, AmBisome, Fungisome, Amphocil, Amphotec
Side Effects
Fungilin may lead to a various amount of effects like the ones mentioned below:

Constipation
Diarrhea
Nausea
Abdominal pain

Dosage:
10mg
50mg

Griseofulvin
is used to treat skin infections such as jock itch, athlete’s foot, and ringworm; and fungal infections of the scalp, fingernails, and toenails. Griseofulvin comes as a tablet, capsule, and liquid to take by mouth. It is usually taken once a day or can be taken two to four times a day. Although your symptoms may get better in a few days, you will have to take griseofulvin for a long time before the infection is completely gone. It is usually taken for 2 to 4 weeks for skin infections, 4 to 6 weeks for hair and scalp infections, 4 to 8 weeks for foot infections, 3 to 4 months for fingernail infections, and at least 6 months for toenail infections. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take griseofulvin exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. Shake the liquid well before each use to mix the medication evenly. Continue to …

Tolnaftate
is a topical medicine based on Tolnaftate, a broad spectrum antifungal substance with high effectiveness in the treatment of such medical conditions as cutaneous yeast and fungal infections. Tolnaftate is a synthetic, nonsensitizing thiocarbamate agent, highly efficient in the treatment of superficial cutaneous fungal infections. At this point, the exact mechanism of action is not known; however studies have shown that Tinaderm causes hyphae distortion and mycelial growth stunting in susceptible fungi.
Tolnaftate ( Tinaderm ) is commonly employed either in monotherapy or in combination with other medicines in the treatment of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea manuum and tinea barbae.

Ciclopirox
is in a class of medications called antifungals. It works by stopping the growth of nail fungus. Ciclopirox is used to improve the condition of nails, but may not completely cure nail fungus. It may take 6 months or longer before you notice that your nails are getting better. Continue to use ciclopirox daily as directed. Do not stop using ciclopirox without talking to your doctor. Ciclopirox topical will work best if you trim your nails regularly during your treatment. You should remove all loose nail or nail material using a nail clipper or nail file before you begin treatment and every week during your treatment. Your doctor will show you how to do this. Your doctor will also trim your nails once each month during your treatment. Only apply ciclopirox topical to your nails and the skin under and around your nails. Be careful not to get the solution on any other areas of the skin or parts of your body, especially in or near your eyes, nose, mouth, or vagina. Do not use nail polish or other nail …

Caspofungin
is used in the treatment of patients suffering from fungal infections, mainly those involving the lungs, stomach, esophagus or other internal organs. Generally, it is administered in cases in which fever is present, or in patients that have a low level of neurotrophils in their blood (condition known under the name of neurotropenia). It is also used to treat infections caused by the Candida fungus which affect the blood and esophagus. This drug has been proven as an effective medicine against intra-abdominal abscesses, pleural space infections as well as peritonitis. This medicine can also be employed in the treatment of possibly lethal fungal infections in cases where Amphotericin B or Itraconazole cannot be used.
Brand Name :
Cancidas
Cancidas Side Effects
Some patients are allergic to Cancidas or its ingredients, and may experience typical allergic reactions, such as hives, rashes, breathing difficulty and swelling of the face, throat lips or tongue. Apart from that, this medicine may cause some other side effects. Some of the most severe are pain, swelling or irritation at the site of the injection, flu symptoms such as fever, …

Butenafine
is used to treat a variety of fungal skin infections such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, and jock itch. This medication is also used to treat a skin condition known as pityriasis (tinea versicolor), a fungal infection that causes a lightening or darkening of the skin of the neck, chest, arms, or legs. Butenafine is an antifungal that works by preventing the growth of fungus. Do not use this medication for the treatment of fungal nail infections.
How to use
Use this medication on the skin only. Clean and thoroughly dry the area to be treated. Apply a thin layer of the medication to and around the affected area and gently rub in, usually 1 to 2 times daily as directed on the product package. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist. If your doctor has prescribed this medication to you, then use as directed. Wash your hands after using unless the area to be treated includes the hands. Do not wrap, cover, or bandage the area unless directed to do so by your …

Terbinafine
is used to treat fungal infections of the toenail and fingernail. Terbinafine is in a class of medications called antifungals. It works by stopping the growth of fungi. Terbinafine comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken once a day for 6 weeks for fingernail fungus and once a day for 12 weeks for toenail fungus. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take terbinafine exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. Your fungus may not be completely cured until a few months after you finish taking terbinafine. This is because it takes time for a healthy nail to grow in.
Brand Name :
Lamisil
Other Names :
Fungueal, Maditez, Piecidex NF, Tacna, Terbi-Derm, Terekol, Terfin, SolvEasy, Daskil, Funtyl, Dermoxyl, Dicil, Brinaf, Elater, Onychon, Lamisilate, LamisilDermgel, Amiada, Dermatin, Myconormin, Anaplas, Chemiderm, Ealk, Flixid, Frezylin, Fungitherapy, Mycutol, Optimus, Pavlinox, Pro-Misil, Exifine, Daskil, Binafex, Erbitrax, Fyterdin, Losil-T, Unasal, Xilatril, EU 2000, …

Terconazole
is commonly prescribed as a therapeutic agent for patients suffering from vaginal yeast infections. While this is the intended purpose of this medical product, in practice this medicine may also be prescribed in monotherapy or in combination with other drugs either as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent in the case of other medical conditions that are not listed here. If you have been prescribed a treatment course with Terconazole and are not aware to be suffering from a Candida infection, or if you would like to obtain additional information regarding the possible uses of this pharmaceutical preparation, it is advised to consult a gynecologist or a pharmacist.
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Dosage:
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Voriconazole
is used to treat serious fungal infections such as invasive aspergillosis (a fungal infection that begins in the lungs and spreads through the bloodstream to other organs) and esophageal candidiasis (infection by a yeast-like fungus that may cause white patching in the mouth and throat). Voriconazole is in a class of antifungal medications called triazoles. It works by slowing the growth of the fungi that cause infection. Voriconazole comes as a tablet and a suspension (liquid) to take by mouth. It is usually taken every 12 hours on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 1 hour after a meal. To help you remember to take voriconazole, take it at around the same times every day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take voriconazole exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. If you are taking voriconazole suspension, shake the closed bottle for about 10 seconds before each use …

Itraconazole
is a well known drug that is prescribed to patients who are suffering from fungal infections that affect the central nervous system, the lungs, the skin and / or the nails, etc. The oral solution of Sporanox can effectively treat esophagus, throat and mouth yeast infections.
Brand Name :
Sporanox
Other Names :
Itraconazole, Hongoseril, Sempera, Triasporin, Itrac, Micotenk, Nitridazol, Panastat, Salimidin, Itrabene, Estiranox, Itracotan, Itraspor, Itrazol, Neo Itrax, Tracnox, Traconal, Traconax, Tracozon, Tratzol, Traxonol, Itodal, Teramic, Niddazol, Canifug Itra, Siros, Aranox, Quali-itrazole, Candistat, Canditral, Trazer, Carexan, Conamed, Ergospharma, Steitraz, Trax, Z-Fin, Zolken, Orungal, Adco-Sporozole, Canadiol, Sporlab, Funit, Spornar

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Side Effects
Stop your treatment with Sporanox as soon as possible if you develop any of these dangerous side effects:

symptoms of an allergic reaction (hives; closing of the throat; difficulty breathing; swelling of the tongue, lips, or face)
liver disease (dark urine; pale stools, yellow eyes or skin, abnormal fatigue, abdominal pain)
congestive heart failure such as breath shortness, swelling or chest pain
numbness, pain, or tingling

You …

Fluconazole
is an azole antifungal medication used to prevent and treat a variety of fungal and yeast infections. Fluconazole is used to treat fungal infections, including yeast infections of the vagina, mouth, throat, esophagus (tube leading from the mouth to the stomach), abdomen (area between the chest and waist), lungs, blood, and other organs. Fluconazole is also used to treat meningitis (infection of the membranes covering the brain and spine) caused by fungus. Fluconazole is also used to prevent yeast infections in patients who are likely to become infected because they are being treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy before a bone marrow transplant (replacement of unhealthy spongy tissue inside the bones with healthy tissue). Fluconazole is in a class of antifungals called triazoles. It works by slowing the growth of fungi that cause infection.

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Econazole (Gyno-Pevaryl )
is a vaginal preparation based on the main ingredient Econazole Nitrate, an antifungal agent with a broad spectrum of actions. It is an effective fungicidal medicine typically used to treat vaginal fungal infections, and its strong antimycotic effects yield a very high cure rate. This medicine is currently available in a concentration of 150 mg Econazole Nitrate per ovule.
Econazole (Gyno-Pevaryl ) is typically prescribed for the treatment of patients suffering from recurrent yeast infections of the vagina (vaginal candidiasis). Other vaginal fungal infections may be successfully treated with this medicine as well.

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Dosage:

Clotrimazole
is used to treat skin infections such as athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, and other fungal skin infections (candidiasis). This medication is also used to treat a skin condition known as pityriasis (tinea versicolor), a fungal infection that causes a lightening or darkening of the skin of the neck, chest, arms, or legs. Clotrimazole is an azole antifungal that works by preventing the growth of fungus.
How to use
Use this medication on the skin only. Clean and thoroughly dry the area to be treated. Apply this medication to the affected skin, usually twice a day or as directed by your doctor. Dosage and length of treatment depends on the type of infection being treated. Do not apply this more often than prescribed. Your condition will not clear faster, but side effects may be increased. Apply enough medication to cover the affected area and some of the surrounding skin. After applying this medication, wash your hands. Do not wrap, cover or bandage the area unless directed to do so by your doctor. Do not apply this medication in the eyes, nose, …

Ketoconazole
is most often used to treat fungal infections that can spread to different parts of the body through the bloodstream such as yeast infections of the mouth, skin, urinary tract, and blood, and certain fungal infections that begin on the skin or in the lungs and can spread through the body. Ketoconazole is also used to treat fungal infections of the skin or nails that cannot be treated with other medications. Ketoconazole is in a class of antifungals called imidazoles. It works by slowing the growth of fungi that cause infection. Ketoconazole comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken once a day.
Brand Name :
Other Names :
Ketoconazole, Daktarin Gold, Ketoderm, Nizoral, Orifungal M, Panfungol, Sebizole, Terzolin, C-86, Cetonil, Eumicel, Faction, Fangan, Fitonal, Grenfung, Keduo, Ketolef, Micoespec K, Micoral, Orifungal, Perative, Socosep, Tikl, Hexal Konazol Shampoo, Cetoneo, Cetozaz, Lozan, Sioconazol, Tonazox, Zanoc, Zolmicol, TKC, Arcolane, Abba, Orozanol, Ebersept, Ilgem, Neo-egmol, Scalpin, Sostatin, Diazon, Larry, Pristinex, Pristine, Stada K, Hyphoral, Yucomy, Ergomicon, Eurolat, Konaturil, Ketovid, Fungo Farmasierra, Beatoconazole, Fungo Zeus, AC-FA, Kazinal

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Miconazole antifungal drugs
is a medicine used for treating athlete’s foot, tinea, ringworm and thrush infections of the skin caused by fungi, including yeast.
Brand Name :
Daktarin
Other Names :

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Dosage:
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Powder 30gm
Spray Powder 30gm
Lotion 30mL
2% Tincture 30mL
Cream 90gm(3 x 30gm)
Lotion 90mL(3 x 30mL)
Daktacort
Daktacort is used in treating skin infections like jock itch, yeast infections, tinea versicolor, athlete’s foot and ringworm.
Other Names :
Deralbine, Gynotran, Miconol, Micotgez, Micotral, Micotrim P, Nedis, Hairscience Anti-Dandruff, Resolve, Resolve Thrush, Gyno-Daktarin, Zimycan, Anfugitarin, Biodol, Ciconazol, Daknax, Daktazol, Ginedak, Gino-Daczol, Ginotarin, Micofim, Micotarin, Vodol, Micozen, ZeaSorb AF, Brentan, Castellani mit Miconazol, Daktar, Decomyk, Derma-Mykotral, Fungur M, Gyno-Mykotral, InfectoSoor, Micobeta, Micotar, Mykoderm Mund-Gel, Mykoderm, Vobamyk, Fantersol, Medacter, Mezolitan, Dermon, Untano, Zole, Pitrion, Micotef, Pivanozolo, Prilagin, Florid-F, Antifungal, Aloid, Kruidvat Antischimmelcreme, Hairscience Antidandruff, De-Ol, Defungin, Mikozal, Absorbine Antifungal Foot Powder, Breezee Mist Antifungal, Femizol-M, M-Zole, Neosporin AF, Podactin, Prescription Strength Desenex, Ting, Vagistat-3, ZeaSorb AF